Outcomes from 5 last CoPs- Understanding L&D.
COP26 – Glasgow (2021)
Put Loss & Damage firmly on the negotiating track by launching the Glasgow Dialogue (2022–2024) to discuss funding arrangements for L&D — a political opening after years of stalemate.
Agenda‑setting and process creation (Dialogue; Santiago Network), but no dedicated finance.
COP27 – Sharm el‑Sheikh (2022)
Historic decision to establish funding arrangements, including a dedicated L&D Fund, with a Transitional Committee tasked to design how it would work for adoption at COP28.
Fund agreed in principle (a breakthrough), but amounts, sources, governance, and eligibility remained to be worked out in 2023.
COP28 – Dubai (2023)
Parties operationalized the L&D Fund, with initial pledges. The Fund was initially hosted by the World Bank for a trial period, despite pushback from some developing countries.
Fund moved from idea to operation, but capitalization far below needs and questions lingered on governance and accessibility.
COP29 – Baku (2024)
Decisions explicitly acknowledged grant‑based resources and concessional finance needs for adaptation and L&D, especially for LDCs/SIDS.
System‑level finance target agreed with references that matter for L&D, but no dedicated, quantified L&D sub‑target; concerns persisted about reliance on private finance and loans.
COP30 – Belém (2025)
Parties confirmed operationalization and replenishment cycles for the L&D Fund (variously termed the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, FRLD), and issued the first call for proposals under “Barbados Implementation Modalities” totaling ~US$250m in grants for 2025–2026 (Board guidance to enable direct access, quicker disbursement, and attention to non‑economic losses).
First real programmatic disbursement window for L&D opened and governance details improved (direct access, non‑economic losses), yet funding levels and sustained replenishment remain unclear vs. needs.
Overall rating:
3 - Neutral: I am neither satisfied nor dissatisfied; progress has been mixed or insufficient.
Justification
Transformational architecture has been created and operationalized (Fund established and opened; processes, dialogues, and guidance matured). But scale, predictability, and equity of finance remain far short of the needs of vulnerable nations — particularly when measured against mounting climate impacts in drought‑ and flood‑prone contexts across the Horn of Africa and beyond.