Climate Vulnerability and Community Resilience in Rio de Janeiro
In Rio de Janeiro, recurrent flooding, landslides, and extreme heat events represent the most significant natural hazards, with climate change contributing to increased rainfall intensity and prolonged heat periods. Hillside areas and informal settlements are particularly exposed due to unplanned urban expansion and limited infrastructure. Low-income communities are disproportionately affected, as they often reside in high-risk zones and rely on climate-sensitive livelihoods. Local coping strategies include community-based warning systems, informal drainage improvements, and strong social networks. Municipal authorities support emergency response and selective relocation efforts, while NGOs and universities contribute through risk-reduction projects and public awareness initiatives. Despite these measures, adaptation remains fragmented, highlighting the need for integrated approaches that link climate resilience with urban planning and social equity.