COP ANALYSIS
Over the last five UNFCCC COPs (COP24–COP28), loss and damage has gradually gained attention, though progress has been mixed. COP24 maintained discussions under the Warsaw International Mechanism without new finance. COP25 created the Santiago Network for technical assistance, but funding and operational details were limited. COP26 advanced the Glasgow Dialogue to explore finance, yet no dedicated fund was established. A breakthrough came at COP27 with the agreement to create a Loss and Damage Fund, and COP28 operationalized it with initial pledges exceeding USD 600 million and governance structures in place. Despite this progress, the scale and predictability of funding remain insufficient for the needs of vulnerable countries. Considering these achievements and ongoing challenges, my satisfaction is neutral (3 on the Likert scale). While the institutional and financial mechanisms now exist, their effectiveness depends on sustained finance, transparency, and implementation to truly deliver climate justice.