In Madagascar, the most common natural hazards are cyclones, floods, and droughts. Climate change has made cyclones stronger and droughts longer, especially in the south and south-east of the country. These regions depend mostly on agriculture, so when crops are destroyed or when there is no water, people quickly face food shortages. In cities like Antananarivo, floods are also common because of poor drainage and unplanned construction. Rural farmers and poor urban communities are the most affected, as they have very limited resources to adapt.
In the Philippines, coastal communities face similar risks from typhoons and storm surges. The case study shows that the destruction of mangroves made these areas more vulnerable. What is different is the response: local communities restored mangroves to protect their villages. This helped reduce damage from storms and also created new sources of income, especially for women.
Compared to Madagascar, where people often cope through migration or emergency aid, the Philippine example shows how environmental restoration can be a practical and community-led way to build resilience against climate change.