COP Outcomes
1. Summary of Key Outcomes (Last 5 COPs)
COP24 (Katowice, 2018)
Loss and damage were part of broader climate discussions, there were no major breakthroughs on dedicated finance or institutional reform at this COP.
COP25 (Madrid, 2019)
Continued negotiations on loss and damage, including establishment of the Santiago Network, aimed at catalysing technical assistance for averting, minimising, and addressing loss and damage in vulnerable countries.
COP26 (Glasgow, 2021)
Parties agreed to operationalise the functions of the Santiago Network more fully and initiated the Glasgow Dialogue on finance for loss and damage.
However, there was no dedicated funding mechanism agreed at this session, and the Dialogue was limited in its mandate and authority.
COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022)
A major milestone: for the first time loss and damage finance was formally put on the agenda and countries agreed to create a dedicated Loss and Damage Fund to assist vulnerable developing nations.
A transitional committee was established to work on operationalising the fund.
COP28 (Dubai, 2023)
The Loss and Damage Fund was officially adopted, marking a historic moment in climate negotiations and fulfilling a decades‑long demand by developing countries.
However, key details such as funding sources, scale of contributions, and allocation criteria were still being finalised.
COP30 (Bonn/2025)
COP30 included the third formal review of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (WIM), assessing progress and continued operational challenges under the WIM and Santiago Network structures.
Overall trajectory:
From no formal finance mechanism (pre‑COP27) to establishment and initial operationalisation of a dedicated Loss and Damage Fund by COP28, progress has been incremental but meaningful.
2. Satisfaction Assessment (Likert Scale)
Rating: 3 — Neutral
Justification of Assessment
While COP27 and COP28 marked important progress particularly with the establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund outcomes remain insufficient. Loss and damage was historically neglected, with the Warsaw International Mechanism only created in 2013, and meaningful finance delayed for years. Although the Fund was agreed upon, key details on contributions, distribution, and eligibility remain unresolved. Technical support through the Santiago Network exists but is limited, and actual resource mobilisation continues to lag. Political and financial barriers, including reluctance from wealthier countries, further slow implementation.
Overall, the last five COPs show progress from dialogue to institutional development, but the Fund’s operationalisation, scale, and equity remain incomplete, justifying a neutral assessment.