ACCESS4ALL Group

1: Most effective climate policy:

The Paris Agreement has been effective because it encourages all countries to participate through nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and promotes global cooperation and climate finance.

2: Policy that struggled:

Some drought resilience and reforestation programs in Somalia struggled due to insecurity, weak institutions, lack of funding, and limited technical capacity.

3: Are current international frameworks sufficient?

Not fully. Current frameworks are important, but many countries are still not reducing emissions fast enough, and climate finance for vulnerable countries remains insufficient.

If I’m being very honest, the country that really stands out to me right now is Bangladesh and yes, I know it sounds predictable because it’s literally the case study we just finished, but sometimes the obvious example is obvious for a reason.

What makes Bangladesh interesting is not that it has a “perfect” climate policy system, but that it actually treats climate change like a present reality, not a future theory. The Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) is a good example. What struck me is that they didn’t wait for the global system to fully come through with funding before acting, they started putting in their own money. That alone already changes the seriousness of implementation. And I think the success is less about “policy brilliance” and more about urgency + ownership. When climate impacts are literally flooding your cities and disrupting agriculture every year, policy stops being…

1. Effective Policy: National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)

In many Global South contexts, the National Adaptation Plan process has been a significant driver of action. Unlike rigid international mandates, NAPs allow countries to identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs based on local climate vulnerabilities.

Factors for Success:

Contextualization: It moves away from "one-size-fits-all" and focuses on specific local risks like drought or flooding.

Mainstreaming:Effective NAPs integrate climate risk into national budget cycles and sectoral planning (like agriculture and health), making climate action part of the "official" business of government.

1. Effective Climate Policy: The National Level

​A standout example of an effective national policy is the Zimbabwe National Climate Policy (2017), particularly when integrated with the Revised Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

​Factors of Success:

​Mainstreaming: It doesn't treat "climate" as a standalone issue but integrates it into agriculture and water management.

​Focus on Resilience: Success is driven by prioritizing adaptation—like promoting small grains (sorghum and pearl millet)—which directly secures food systems in semi-arid regions.

​Inclusivity: Policies that allow for youth and community-led implementation tend to see higher "on-the-ground" adoption.

Energy access in the Ivory Coast is crucial, according to the government plan. A whole policy is focused on energy access while developing a strategy to include new energy, renewable energy dedicated to household consumption.

The supply capacity for renewables grows every year, as does the consumption rate.

However, the energy access rate has not yet reached 100%. So, the new energy policy acts as both a contributor to climate actions and a connector to new places. The availability of infrastructure is limited to the near future. Therefore, the achievement of this policy is far behind the actions taken.

In this context, international frameworks are insufficient because Ivorian climate policy funding relies on foreign aid, which delays implementation.

This policy does not put constraints on industries which continuously pollute and use fossil energy, while there’s a possibility to avoid pollution through the use of renewables.

Climate change demands more than promises; it requires policies that translate into real resilience. Reflecting on national and international experiences, several lessons stand out:

Policies that worked: Bangladesh's Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP, 2009) remains a landmark. Locally designed, backed by a national climate change trust fund, and rooted in community-led adaptation, it showed how ownership and indigenous knowledge can drive success. Globally, the Paris Agreement (2015) mobilised unprecedented commitments, proving the power of universality and flexibility.

Policies that struggled, like Bangladesh's National Agricultural Policy (2018), leaned heavily on hybrid monocultures, sidelining indigenous practices. This limited resilience and excluded farmer voices. Internationally, the Kyoto Protocol (1997) faltered due to weak enforcement and lack of participation from major emitters.

Are current frameworks enough? The Paris Agreement is necessary but insufficient. Current pledges still put us on track for around 2.5–2.7°C warming. The ambition gap, equity gap, and implementation gap remain stark; especially for…

In the context of Bangladesh, one of the most effective climate policies I have observed is the country’s strong push toward renewable energy, particularly solar power under initiatives like the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. This has been highly successful due to Bangladesh’s geographic advantage of abundant sunlight throughout the year. Programs such as solar home systems have enabled millions of rural households to access electricity without relying on fossil fuels. Additionally, frequent power shortages and the high cost and inconvenience of diesel generators have encouraged households to shift toward cleaner and quieter solar energy solutions.

However, not all climate-related efforts have achieved their intended outcomes. For instance, international commitments under platforms like the Paris Agreement and broader climate justice frameworks often struggle due to inadequate financial support from developed countries. Although there are pledges for climate finance to support vulnerable nations like Bangladesh, the actual disbursement of funds…

I think the most effective Climate Policy I've noticed in my country is the transition to clean energy essentially solar energy. This has been successful thanks to abundant tropical sunshine my country enjoys. Also, the fact that using generators often cause significant noise and discomfort to families, most families use solar energy to light up their homes. Electricity is equally epileptic leading to more use of solar energy.

One policy that struggles to attain it's objectives is the Conference of partner resolution on Climate Justice where some form of funding has to come down from Industrialized countries to the global south, but most partners never hold to this commitment.

I think International frameworks like the Paris Agreement are not sufficient to fight climate change. This is due to lack of implementation mechanism, nothing happens to the countries if they fail to uphold their commitment.

Sociopolitical and economic factors greatly influence…

Please reflect on the following questions in your discussion:

1. Which national (from your own country or another Global South country you’re familiar with) or international climate policy do you think has been most effective in driving action? What factors contributed to its success?

   Kenya national climate policy which based on achieving low - carbon, climate resilience development through Climate Change Act of 2016 ( National Climate Change Action Plan(NCCAP) updated Plan Nationally Determined Contribution ( NDCs)

   This policy document prioritize Adaptation, disaster risk reduction and green economic growth. It highlights targets, Priority sectors such as Disaster risk management, food/nutrition security, water, forestry, health, manufacturing and energy. Governance, Action plan

2. Can you share an example of a policy from your country, another Global South country, or an international framework that struggled to deliver its intended results? What barriers limited its effectiveness?

   The barriers which limits the effectiveness of the policy is…

1. Which climate policy has been most effective in driving action?A notable national example in Ghana is the Ghana National Climate Change Policy, supported by the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. These frameworks guide mitigation and adaptation actions such as renewable energy expansion, climate smart agriculture, and coastal protection. Their effectiveness comes from aligning climate action with national development priorities and attracting international funding from institutions such as the World Bank and the Green Climate Fund.

2. Example of a policy that struggled to deliver resultsOne challenge has been the implementation of policies related to urban flood management and land use planning, especially in cities such as Accra. Although policies exist to regulate building in flood prone areas, enforcement has been weak due to rapid urbanization, informal settlements, and limited institutional capacity. These barriers reduce the effectiveness of climate risk management strategies.

3. Are current international frameworks sufficient…

1. Most Effective Climate Policy One example of an effective policy is Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). Its success is largely due to:

• Integrated approach: combines adaptation and mitigation measures across sectors like agriculture, water, and health.

• Dedicated financing: the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) ensures consistent funding from domestic resources.

• Community engagement: projects are designed with local participation, improving practical implementation.

• Government commitment: strong political backing ensures continuity and prioritization of climate action.

Policy Influence on Climate Action

One example of an effective climate policy is Bangladesh’s Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). Being domestically financed, it demonstrates national ownership and allows the government to prioritize locally relevant adaptation and mitigation projects, such as flood control, cyclone shelters, and resilient agriculture. Its success is partly due to strong community engagement, dedicated financial resources, and integration with broader strategies like the BCCSAP and NAP. These factors ensure that policies are both actionable and aligned with local needs.

In contrast, some international policies, like the Kyoto Protocol, struggled to drive meaningful change. Many major emitters either did not participate or were exempt from binding targets, limiting the framework’s effectiveness. Barriers included lack of universal enforcement, limited financial incentives, and political disagreements among nations.

Current frameworks like the Paris Agreement are more inclusive, allowing countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs). However, they rely heavily on voluntary commitments,…

• Which national (from your own country or another Global South country you’re familiar with) or international climate policy do you think has been most effective in driving action? What factors contributed to its success?

In Kenya, The National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) is the most effective national climate policy.

Based on recent analyses and climate governance reviews, Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) stands out as the most effective national climate policy driving climate action in the country.

Key Success Factors

Strong Legal Foundation (Climate Change Act, 2016)

Clear, Phase‑Based Implementation Framework

Climate policies at national and international levels play a crucial role in shaping how countries respond to climate change. However, the effectiveness of these policies often depends on economic capacity, institutional strength, and community participation.

1. Effective climate policy example

One relatively effective policy framework is the (promotion of sustainable agriculture and climate adaptation strategies in rural development planning), particularly in countries that integrate climate considerations into agricultural policies.

Research on rural areas affected by climate change, such as semi-arid regions in the Middle East, shows that policies encouraging (climate-smart agriculture, water management, and renewable energy for irrigation) can significantly improve resilience. These strategies include practices such as water harvesting, drip irrigation, organic fertilization, and the use of solar-powered irrigation systems.

The success of these policies often depends on several factors:

* Government support and long-term planning.

Climate policies at local, national, and international levels shape real-world climate action, but their success varies. In Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) has been effective because it integrates climate resilience across sectors and is supported by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF), which provides domestic financing. This national ownership allows projects like cyclone shelters, embankments, and climate-resilient agriculture to succeed.

On the other hand, the Kyoto Protocol struggled because major emitters did not participate fully, and developing countries had no binding targets, limiting its global impact. The Paris Agreement is more inclusive since all countries submit their own climate commitments, but voluntary targets and weak enforcement mean global goals are still at risk.

Political will, economic resources, and community engagement strongly influence policy outcomes. Bangladesh shows that national ownership and locally led adaptation can work even with limited funding. To bridge the policy–action gap, stronger international finance, accountability, and…

Climate change governance in the Global South requires policies that address environmental degradation alongside development pressures. In Ghana, illegal mining (“Galamsey”) has become a major driver of land degradation, water pollution, sanitation crises, and climate vulnerability. Examining Ghana’s response provides insight into both progress and persistent policy gaps.

One relatively effective national framework has been Ghana’s commitment under the Paris Agreement through its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Ghana’s climate strategies promoting reforestation, renewable energy, and climate-smart agriculture have helped mainstream climate action into national development planning. Their success has been supported by international partnerships, donor funding, and increasing public awareness of environmental sustainability.

However, policies aimed at combating illegal mining have struggled to deliver lasting results. Irrespective of the task forces, temporary bans, and military interventions, enforcement has been inconsistent. Political interference, corruption, youth unemployment, and economic dependence on gold exports weaken implementation. Illegal mining destroys forest cover (reducing carbon…

The effectiveness of climate policy is rarely determined by the ambition of its language alone; rather, it hinges on the alignment of economic incentives with local social realities. India’s National Solar Mission serves as a primary example of a successful intervention because it transformed climate action into a driver of national energy security. By fostering a competitive market that drove down the cost of renewable technology, the policy made solar energy an economically superior choice to coal, thereby securing "buy-in" from both the private sector and the general public. This demonstrates that for a policy to drive meaningful change in the Global South, it must be framed not as a constraint on growth, but as a catalyst for a more resilient and self-sufficient economy.In contrast, many policies struggle when they fail to account for the political and social friction inherent in environmental regulation. Mexico’s early attempt at a carbon tax,…

From India’s experience, one of the most effective policy frameworks in driving climate action has been the disaster preparedness system strengthened under the National Disaster Management Act (2005) and implemented through the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority, particularly demonstrated during Cyclone Fani in 2019. While not a climate policy in the narrow sense, it plays a critical role in climate adaptation. The success of Odisha’s response during Cyclone Fani, where nearly 1.2 million people were evacuated in advance, significantly reduced loss of life compared to earlier cyclones. The effectiveness came from strong institutional coordination, early warning systems, investment in cyclone shelters, community-based preparedness programs, and regular mock drills. Importantly, disaster preparedness was decentralized, involving local governments, volunteers, women’s self-help groups, and community networks. This combination of early warning, local engagement, and political commitment translated policy into real action on the ground.

However, some climate-related policies in India and other Global…

Effective Policy Example: Bangladesh’s Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) and coastal embankment initiatives have been effective in reducing cyclone-related casualties and protecting livelihoods. Success factors include strong community involvement, local volunteers, early warning systems, and coordinated government-NGO partnerships.

Struggling Policy Example: Some coastal land reclamation and salinity management policies have struggled due to limited funding, inadequate maintenance, and lack of integration with local knowledge. Implementation gaps and top-down approaches reduced effectiveness.

International Frameworks: Agreements like the Paris Agreement provide guidance but are insufficient alone for urgent climate action. Local adaptation, financing, and enforcement mechanisms are often weak in vulnerable regions like Uttar Bedkashi.

Influence of Political, Economic, Social Factors: Political will, availability of funds, corruption, migration, and social cohesion directly affect policy success. Community participation and ownership are critical.

Lessons from Bangladesh: Integration of local knowledge, early warning systems, and community-based adaptation are key. Policies must be context-specific, participatory, and sustained…

In my country, the most effective climate framework has been the Zimbabwe National Climate Change Response Strategy and its updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement, mainly because they integrate climate action into national development plans and prioritize adaptation to drought. Zimbabwe’s most serious climate threat affecting agriculture, water security and hydropower at Kariba. However, implementation has struggled due to limited climate finance, economic instability, weak institutional coordination and heavy dependence on donor funding, similar to challenges seen in many Southern African countries.

While the Paris Agreement provides an inclusive global framework it is not sufficient on its own because commitments are often underfunded and not legally binding at the enforcement level. Political stability, economic capacity, governance quality and community participation strongly influence whether policies succeed or fail. From Bangladesh’s experience, Zimbabwe can learn the importance of dedicated national climate funds, strong adaptation planning and mainstreaming climate resilience into all…

In Spain, one of the most effective climate policy frameworks in recent years has been the national Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC), which has helped accelerate renewable energy deployment and coal phase-out by providing clear investment signals and aligning with EU targets. However, its success has depended heavily on EU funding, stable regulatory frameworks, and growing social support for renewables, while local-level implementation (for example, grid access and land-use conflicts for wind and solar) remains uneven. At the same time, some policies, such as building renovation strategies or sustainable mobility plans, have struggled to deliver at scale because of bureaucratic complexity, insufficient coordination between central and regional governments, and social concerns about costs and fairness for low-income households.

Looking at international frameworks, the Paris Agreement has been important in setting a shared direction and pushing Spain and other EU countries to adopt more ambitious targets, but current commitments and implementation…

Policies at both national and international levels play an important role in shaping climate action. However, their effectiveness is contingent upon political commitment, financial resources, and governance capacity.

The national or international climate policy is most effective in driving action

The Paris Agreement stands out as one of the most effective international frameworks due to its inclusive “bottom-up” design. It requires all countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), thereby allowing flexibility based on national circumstances. This universal participation, coupled with transparency mechanisms and periodic global stocktakes, has enhanced global engagement compared to the Kyoto Protocol. At the national level, Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) demonstrates a strong commitment from a country that is highly vulnerable to climate change. Bangladesh has successfully integrated adaptation into national planning and established domestic funding mechanisms, such as the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund.

An international framework that struggled to deliver its…

The 2030 SDGs have served as a blueprint for creating a sustainable tomorrow. It is also a reminder that countries can no longer achieve economic progress without environmental conservation. Ever since the first global summit for combating climate change and preserving our future, several international conferences and treaties have been put forward. Presently countries have their own NDCs to limit GHG emissions below the Paris Agreement. Among countries in the global south, India has been championed as a forerunner of sustainable initiatives. This includes initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, the Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) initiative for developing the infrastructure of small island nations, and the Leadership Group for Industry Transition. While these are great policies with great potential, it is also important to highlight the fact that they are not legally binding. The policies do not have a timeframe of action and lack the necessary financial…

The climate crisis might not be a pandemic like COVID 19 but we all should accept that it has a universal threat magnitude. It has no respect for living organisms as well as the environment. The Agreement as a matter of urgency need to build structures and systems to ensure that entities that contribute to the crisis are at the fore of curing it without fail. The Agreement is quite flexible but at the same time too relaxed to commit to achieving its mandate. If we all continue on this tangent we may not be able to build the sustainable future we all cherish. The systems already in place need to be robust and resilient to properly mitigate the climate crisis resiliently or at least adapt efficiently.

The paris agreement has been relatively effective due to its flexible, inclusive NDC approach, which encourages global participation. In contrast, the Kyoto protocol later phases struggled because major emitters did not participate, weakening its impact.

Current frameworks are essential but insufficient to meet the 1.5°C target. Political commitment, economic resources, and social factors strongly influence policy success.

Bangladesh’s policies show the value of prioritizing adaptation and using domestic financing — an important lesson for the Global South.

Climate policies at local, national, and international levels play a critical role in shaping real-world climate action. However, their effectiveness depends not only on ambition but also on governance capacity, financing, political will, and social inclusion.

1. Most Effective Climate Policy

One national policy I consider relatively effective is Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), complemented by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). Bangladesh, despite contributing minimally to global emissions, has integrated climate adaptation into national development planning.

Several factors contributed to its relative success:

·         Strong political commitment to mainstream climate adaptation.

·         Dedicated domestic funding mechanisms, which reduced sole reliance on international donors.

In my view, climate policies are most effective when they align political commitment, financing, and local engagement. In Kenya, the Climate Change Act (2016) and National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) have been relatively successful in mainstreaming climate action across sectors such as energy, agriculture, and water. Strong political backing and investment in renewable energy, especially geothermal and wind, have supported this progress.

However, implementation challenges remain. Many county-level adaptation plans struggle due to limited funding, weak technical capacity, and poor coordination between national and local governments. Internationally, the Kyoto Protocol also faced limitations because major emitters did not fully participate, reducing its overall effectiveness.

Although the Paris Agreement has improved inclusivity through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), I believe it is insufficient on its own. Its voluntary nature, lack of enforcement, and ongoing climate finance gaps mean current commitments fall short of meeting global climate goals.

Bangladesh’s experience with the BCCSAP, NAP, and BCCTF offers valuable…

1. Une réussite inspirante : Le Plan National de Descarbonisation du Costa Rica

​Bien que ce soit un petit pays, le Costa Rica est devenu un géant de l'action climatique. Son plan vise une économie nette zéro d'ici 2050.

​Pourquoi ça marche ? * Consensus politique : Ce n'est pas le projet d'un seul parti, mais une vision d'État.

​Lien économie-nature : Ils ont transformé la protection de la biodiversité en moteur économique (écotourisme).

​Fiscalité verte : Utilisation des taxes sur les carburants pour financer les services écosystémiques.

​2. Un échec relatif : La Grande Muraille Verte (Phase initiale)

·       Which national (from your own country or another Global South country you’re familiar with) or international climate policy do you think has been most effective in driving action? What factors contributed to its success?

India’s National Solar Mission (2010), launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), is a strong example of a national climate policy that has delivered real results. It helped India rapidly expand solar power capacity, making the country one of the largest solar markets in the world. By 2025, India had already achieved over 135 GW of installed solar capacity, completing its renewable energy target well before the 2030 deadline. This expansion also produced more than 108,000 GWh of solar electricity annually, placing India among the top three solar energy producers globally. The falling costs of solar technology, supported by government incentives and large-scale production, made adoption affordable. The policy created jobs,…

From Zambia’s experience, the National Policy on Climate Change (2016) combined with the newer Green Economy and Climate Change Act (2024) appears to be among the most effective national efforts in driving climate action. The frameworks have helped to infuse climate change into national planning and sector policies such as agriculture, forestry, and energy. Their success comes from several factors: strong government ownership, legal backing, coordination across ministries, and alignment with international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Importantly, the Green Economy Act moves beyond policy statements to create enforceable mechanisms, such as climate financing tools and institutional responsibilities, which encourage real implementation rather than only planning.

However, some policies have struggled to deliver results. For example, earlier environmental and adaptation plans in Zambia and many Global South countries often remained weak in practice. Although well written, they lacked funding, technical capacity, and monitoring systems. At local levels, limited awareness and…

As a Bangladeshi citizen, I observe that climate policies shape real-world action primarily through how they influence financing decisions, institutional coordination, and accountability. While strong policy frameworks can generate momentum, they often reveal gaps between ambition and implementation when political, economic, and social realities are not adequately addressed.

At the international level, the Paris Agreement has been relatively effective in creating a shared climate governance framework. Its requirement for countries to submit and periodically update Nationally Determined Contributions has helped mainstream climate planning, even in resource-constrained contexts. In Bangladesh, this has reinforced the emphasis on adaptation and resilience, supported climate-related public finance discussions, and improved alignment between national strategies and international support. Its strength lies in broad participation, flexibility, and an iterative review process rather than strict enforcement.

By contrast, the Kyoto Protocol’s second commitment period struggled to achieve its intended impact because several major emitters did not participate. This significantly reduced…

It is great that the United Nations have taken into consideration the fact that climate change is real and its impacts on human systems. The efforts are noticeble and great. Starting with the UNFCC, Kyto Protocol, Paris Agreement and the Doha Agreement shows inclusive commitment.

In my country the national development strategy (NDS 1 & 2) embraces climate change. There was a deliberate policy of establising the Enivironmental Management Agency around 2005 to drive the environmental issues and climate change being one.

EMA also participates in the adaptation fund and implements adapataion and resilience projects with communities, civil society and private sector to enhance adptation and reslience.

The government is also promoting use of renewable enegry, like the introduction of zero taxes on imported solar systems and accessories.

One limitation on driving climate change policies and strategies in developing countries is beauracracy and also politisisation of projects whereas cliamte change…

One national climate policy I find particularly effective is Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) combined with the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). What makes this approach successful is national ownership, domestic financing, and alignment with local vulnerability priorities such as flooding, cyclones, and food security. These policies enabled early investments in coastal embankments, disaster preparedness, and climate-resilient agriculture, which significantly reduced cyclone-related mortality and improved community resilience.

However, a policy framework that struggled to meet its full potential is the Kyoto Protocol, especially during its second commitment period when major emitters did not participate. Its limited coverage, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and political resistance weakened its effectiveness despite its strong legal structure.

While the Paris Agreement represents major progress through universal participation and nationally determined contributions (NDCs), it remains insufficient on its own to meet the 1.5°C target because current pledges are not ambitious enough, enforcement mechanisms are weak,…

Having contributed to comprehensive climate reports in the Western Balkans region, I acknowledge the efforts being made by the region and its countries on climate change issues. Not that they have it all figured out, but the intentionality in building a climate-resilient environment through targeted policies, strategies, and investments is noteworthy.

I am not familiar with the existing climate change policies and strategies of my country. However, the outlook of events reflects that action and implementation are still lagging behind. Possible key barriers include funding gaps between policy ambitions and available resources, institutional fragmentation across governance levels, capacity limitations in technical expertise, competing immediate socio-economic priorities that overshadow long-term climate planning and many more. Bangladesh's climate policy offers valuable lessons in the use of internal funding. Also, the integration of climate actions into national development planning, community-based and locally led adaptation approaches.

To bridge the policy-action gap, governments should adopt…

The National Adaptation Plan, for my country, has been one of the national policy frameworks that has worked so well to deliver effective and sustained benefits. The success of this has largely been because of the consultative form it takes, right from the grassroot to the top. The approach for the NAP, takes the bottow up approach, where communities, local level authorities, among others, actively participate in the process by letting their voices heard, and factored into the development of the NAP. This gives all the sense of ownership, and the urgency to contribute to achieve the NAP. The process is inclusive hence, everyone feels belonged and obligated to work towards its achievement.

The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) however, struggles a bit to deliver its mandate. This is largely because of resource constraints, low level of climate change awareness and its impacts, capacities of main agencies, technology and innovation, and…

Malawi has established a comprehensive policy framework to address climate change, with several key policies providing the strategic direction and legal basis for climate action. These policies have been instrumental in focusing national and community efforts on adaptation and mitigation measures.

Key policies and their impact on climate action in Malawi include:

National Climate Change Management Policy (NCCMP) This policy, adopted in 2016, provides the overarching framework for managing climate change in the country ensures climate change is a cross cutting issue integrated into the work of various government departments and stakeholders. It guides the implementation of adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer, and capacity building measures, which builds the nation's resilience to climate impacts.

The success of Malawi's climate action policies is attributed to a combination of strong institutional frameworks, stakeholder collaboration, and the integration of climate priorities into national development goals. Current international frameworks, including the Paris Agreement, are generally not considered…

In Ethiopia, one notable national policy that has driven meaningful climate action is the “Green Legacy” initiative, launched to combat deforestation, land degradation, and climate-induced environmental challenges. This ambitious policy aims to plant billions of trees across the country, restore degraded lands, and enhance community-based natural resource management.

Factors Contributing to Success:

• Strong political commitment: The government mobilized national resources and public awareness campaigns.

• Community engagement: Local communities, schools, and youth groups actively participate in tree planting and maintenance.

• Integration with social goals: The initiative also supports livelihoods by promoting agroforestry and sustainable land use.

• Visible outcomes: Millions of trees planted each year have improved soil conservation and local microclimates, generating public enthusiasm and trust.

In my view, Nigeria’s National Climate Change Policy has been relatively effective in raising awareness, guiding adaptation projects, and promoting renewable energy initiatives. Its success is linked to government commitment, alignment with international frameworks like the Paris Agreement, and engagement with NGOs and community groups. However, some policies, such as certain urban flood management plans, have struggled due to weak enforcement, limited funding, and lack of coordination across agencies. International frameworks like the Paris Agreement provide guidance but are insufficient on their own because national implementation varies and political, economic, and social factors affect outcomes. Bangladesh’s experience shows that integrating climate policy into local development planning, involving communities, and securing funding are critical lessons. New approaches, like flexible funding, stronger monitoring, and inclusive governance, could help bridge the gap between policy and real-world action.

The effectiveness of climate policy is often determined by how well it bridges the gap between high-level international goals and the immediate needs of local communities. In the Global South, the most successful policies are those that integrate climate resilience directly into national development and economic security agendas. For instance, India’s renewable energy missions have seen significant success because they address energy poverty while meeting Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Similarly, Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) serves as a gold standard by combining adaptation, mitigation, and dedicated domestic finance, ensuring that policy is not just a statement of intent but a roadmap for survival.

However, international frameworks like the Paris Agreement often struggle to deliver results due to the lack of "patient and predictable" funding for the countries most affected. While the bottom-up approach of the Paris Agreement ensures global inclusivity, its effectiveness is frequently hampered by the…

Bangladesh’s Climate Change Trust Fund is one of the most effective policies because it demonstrates national ownership and consistent domestic financing for climate projects. In contrast, many international frameworks, including the Paris Agreement, struggle due to weak enforcement and uneven national commitment. Political priorities, limited funding, and social inequality strongly affect whether policies succeed or fail. Bangladesh shows that integrated planning, stable financing, and community engagement are essential to bridge the policy–action gap, while future reforms should strengthen accountability and long-term financial mechanisms.

The effectiveness of the response of countries to the issue of climate change is determined by climate policies at the local, national, and international levels, yet success depends on the political commitment, financial resources, and inclusion of society. The Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) in Bangladesh is a comparatively effective national policy, which is facilitated by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). It has been successful due to its high national ownership and the clear adaptation focus, given that Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to floods, cyclones, and rise of the sea level.

The global front has also been promoted to participate widely with Paris Agreement since nations have the opportunity to set their own climate targets in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). But it is voluntary and has poor enforcement systems that limit its capacity to provide emissions reductions on a scale that can be used to achieve…

Last month, we tested a simple circular-economy idea: seed pens (paper pens that can be planted after use).

This wasn’t just a “craft activity” — it was a behaviour-design experiment: Can climate action become simple enough to fit into everyday life?

In 18 days: ✅ 20 teenagers learned the process and produced seed pens

✅ 120+ seed pens were made by youth

✅ 200+ households joined conversations on plastic waste and climate-friendly habits

Climate policies at local, national, and international levels interact to shape real-world climate action, with each level playing a distinct role in driving or constraining outcomes. Local policies translate broad objectives into practical interventions such as disaster preparedness systems, resilient infrastructure, and community-based adaptation. In Bangladesh, community cyclone preparedness programmes supported by local governments and NGOs have significantly reduced loss of life during extreme weather events, illustrating how localized action grounded in community participation can deliver measurable benefits.

However, local effectiveness often depends on institutional capacity, financing, and continuity beyond short-term project cycles.

At the national level, climate strategies define investment priorities, regulatory frameworks, and institutional responsibilities. Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, its National Adaptation Plan, and the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund collectively direct resources toward both mitigation and adaptation while integrating climate objectives into development planning. The Trust Fund is particularly notable because it is domestically…

We worked with 5 women and reused 6kg textile waste to create products + climate impact.

Would love your feedback — feel free to drop a comment on the LinkedIn post 😊

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• COP24 (2018, Katowice): Focused on implementing the Paris Agreement; no dedicated finance mechanism; Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) continued guiding discussions.

• COP25 (2019, Madrid): Reaffirmed WIM and established the Santiago Network for technical support, but finance remained limited.

• COP26 (2021, Glasgow): Launched Glasgow Dialogue on finance; strengthened Santiago Network functions; no fund yet created.

• COP27 (2022, Sharm el-Sheikh): Historic agreement to create a Loss and Damage Fund; Transitional Committee formed to operationalize it; Santiago Network further advanced.

• COP28 (2023, Dubai): Fund formally adopted; initial pledges announced (~USD 661 million); questions remain on long-term finance, predictability, and governance.

Assessment: Rating 3 – Neutral

Based on Bangladesh’s experience, the most effective policy has been the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). Its success stems from strong domestic ownership, demonstrated by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund, which uses national revenue to finance adaptation, ensuring direct alignment with local priorities.

An example of a struggling framework is the Kyoto Protocol, particularly its second commitment period, which was weakened by the withdrawal of major emitters like the U.S., Japan, and Russia, showing how limited participation undermines global impact.

Current international frameworks, including the Paris Agreement, are necessary but insufficient. While they provide a global structure, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) lack binding ambition and adequate finance, failing to close the emissions gap.

Political will, economic capacity, and social equity critically shape outcomes. Bangladesh’s lesson is that combining domestic financing, integrated planning (adaptation + mitigation), and community-led adaptation creates resilience despite limited resources.

To bridge the…

1. Most Effective Climate Policy in Driving Action

One of the most effective international climate policies has been the Paris Agreement (2015). Its success lies in its inclusive and flexible design, allowing countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) based on their national circumstances.

Factors Contributing to Its Effectiveness:

Universal participation, including both developed and developing countries

Clear long-term goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, with efforts toward 1.5°C

Emphasis on transparency and regular review, encouraging progressive ambition

Hi everyone,Building on our learning about national and international frameworks, I’d like to share some reflections focusing on Nigeria, a country that faces the unique challenge of being both a major fossil fuel producer and one of the most climate-vulnerable nations in the world.

Success in Action: The Nigerian Green Bond & NEWMAPIn my view, one of the most effective policy moves in Nigeria was the issuance of the Sovereign Green Bond—the first of its kind in Africa. This policy wasn't just a statement of intent; it provided the actual capital for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Why it worked: It succeeded because it linked climate goals directly to infrastructure and livelihoods. By tackling gully erosion in the South and desertification in the North, the policy addressed immediate local crises while meeting broader climate resilience goals.

The Struggle: Fossil Fuel Subsidies and "Just Transition"A policy that has significantly…

Over the past five COPs, the issue of loss and damage has steadily gained prominence. COP25–26 concentrated on technical assistance through mechanisms such as the Warsaw International Mechanism and the Santiago Network, yet financial support remained minimal. COP27 marked a turning point with the historic decision to establish a Loss and Damage Fund, though critical questions around contributions and disbursement were left unresolved. COP28–29 saw pledges and broader climate finance discussions, but binding commitments and adequate funding for vulnerable nations continue to fall short.

Satisfaction (Rating: 2/5)

Recognition of loss and damage has advanced, but tangible implementation and financing remain far behind the urgent needs of climate-vulnerable countries. Without firm commitments from wealthier nations, both climate justice and the scale of support required remain unfulfilled.

The United States’ withdrawal from international climate treaties and organizations weakens global cooperation, undermines collective commitments, and risks slowing progress on climate action. On the other hand, it also damages U.S. credibility, reduces funding for global initiatives, and creates gaps in leadership at a time when coordinated responses are critical as emphasized by SDG #17.

Historically, the U.S. has been a major driver of global climate negotiations. Its exit signals retreat from leadership, leaving space for other powers such as the EU, China among others to shape standards and commitments. The UN climate chief described the move as a “colossal own goal”, noting that this decision actually harms both U.S. economic interests and global cooperation.

The U.S. contributions to climate bodies and funds, such as the Green Climate Fund, have been significant. This withdrawal, therefore, reduces financial support for adaptation and mitigation efforts in vulnerable communities, creating uncertainty for developing…

Across Eswatini and much of the Global South, climate policies often appear strong in design yet struggle in practice. There is a persistent gap between national plans, institutional frameworks, and the lived realities of vulnerable communities who face the daily impacts of climate change. Examining both successful and struggling policy examples helps to highlight the wider political and economic forces that shape climate action.

1. A Positive Example: Eswatini’s Climate Policy and Regional Alignment

One encouraging example from Eswatini is the country’s alignment with regional climate frameworks and its investment in climate‑smart agriculture and adaptation planning. Although still developing, this policy has helped to mainstream climate considerations into agriculture, water management, and disaster risk reduction. It has also attracted international technical support, particularly for drought response, and encouraged community‑based initiatives such as rangeland management and the use of drought‑resilient crops.

Three factors underpin this progress:

• Political recognition that climate shocks…

Policies at national and international levels play a critical role in shaping climate action in Ghana. One of the most effective national climate policy frameworks has been Ghana’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and its alignment with the country’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. These frameworks have helped mainstream climate change into national development planning, particularly in sectors such as coastal resilience, agriculture, disaster risk reduction, and early warning systems. Their relative success is driven by strong policy alignment with development priorities, partnerships with development partners, and growing engagement of civil society and local governments.

However, Ghana has also faced challenges in translating policy into action. A key example is the implementation gap within the NDCs, especially at the district and community levels. While the policies are ambitious, their effectiveness is limited by inadequate domestic financing, capacity constraints at local government level, weak coordination among institutions, and…

Climate policies at local, national, and international levels play a decisive role in translating climate ambition into concrete action. The effectiveness of these policies depends not only on their technical design but also on economic capacity, political commitment, institutional coordination, and social acceptance. Rwanda provides a compelling Global South case where policy coherence and governance have enabled relatively strong climate action, despite limited resources.

1. Most Effective Climate Policy Driving Action

One of the most effective national climate policies in Rwanda is the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS), adopted in 2011 and updated through the National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development (2021–2050). This framework integrates climate resilience and low-carbon development into national planning, including agriculture, energy, transport, land use, and urban development.

Key factors behind its success include:

• Strong political leadership and vision, with climate action embedded in Rwanda’s long-term development agenda (Vision 2050).

• Mainstreaming…

COP24–COP25 (2018–2019)Loss and damage was recognized under the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM), created earlier in 2013, with the Santiago Network designed to support technical assistance, but no dedicated financing was agreed at these early COPs. These meetings focused on institutional framing rather than concrete finance.

COP26 (2021, Glasgow)Loss and damage gained heightened global attention but fell short on funding commitments. Delegates extended dialogue on finance and operational frameworks, including elements around the Santiago Network, though negotiators and developing countries criticized the lack of new money and binding financial commitments. UNEP-CCC

COP27 (2022, Sharm el-Sheikh)This was a major milestone: Parties officially agreed to establish a dedicated Loss and Damage Fund for vulnerable developing nations. A transitional committee was set up to work out details and operationalize the fund. UNFCCC

COP28 (2023, Dubai)The Loss and Damage Fund was adopted formally and financial pledges began flowing (over USD 600 million in commitments shortly after the decision). This includes agreeing…

Nigeria’s Climate Change Act (2021) and creation of the National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) are among the most effective. They:

• legally mandate carbon budgeting and climate planning

• integrate climate action into national development

• require ministries to implement climate measures

• strengthen access to climate finance and international partnerships

Why it works

Analysis of Climate Policies Across Local, National, and International Levels

Climate change responses are shaped by policies operating at multiple levels, each influencing how climate action translates from commitments into real-world outcomes. While several frameworks have driven progress, others reveal persistent gaps between ambition and implementation.

Effective climate policies and drivers of success One of the most effective national climate frameworks in the Global South is Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), supported by the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). Its effectiveness lies in strong national ownership, integration of adaptation and mitigation, and dedicated domestic financing. By prioritizing adaptation in response to high climate vulnerability, Bangladesh aligned policy objectives with urgent local needs. Institutional coordination and political commitment further strengthened implementation.

At the international level, the Paris Agreement has been effective in achieving near-universal participation through its bottom-up approach, requiring all countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).…

Climate policies at local, national, and international levels play a critical role in shaping climate action, but their effectiveness depends on political will, financing, and institutional capacity.

Effective example: Bangladesh’s BCCSAP, NAP, and BCCTF have driven real progress because they prioritize adaptation, ensure strong national ownership, and integrate climate action into development planning.

Struggled example: The Kyoto Protocol shows how climate policy can falter when major emitters withdraw and when coverage is limited, reducing its global impact.

Are current frameworks enough? The Paris Agreement is inclusive and encourages participation, but current commitments and financing remain insufficient to meet 1.5°C targets.

Influencing factors: Political priorities, economic capacity, governance strength, and social engagement all determine success or failure.

Lessons from Bangladesh: National ownership, focus on adaptation, institutionalization, and community involvement strengthen outcomes.